Management Skills - CIMA Official Learning System Enterprise Managemen Annotated Bibliography

The executives Skills - CIMA Official Learning System Enterprise Management - Annotated Bibliography Example This paper is being done so as to build up a complete and scholarly conversation of administration and the executives †how to set up viability in these territories dependent on reasonable ideas. In the book by Norton and Hughes (2009), the writers examine distinctive administration abilities and one of these aptitudes is appointment. Their conversation on designation brings up how a pioneer or a supervisor examines to the individuals from the group or the association about the assignment or the movement which must be done and what every one of them needs to do so as to add to the achievement of the errand (Norton and Hughes, 2009). In their conversation, the creators had the option to bring up that the pioneer is really not completely fit or capable in doing the errand which is expected to finish the action; thus, such undertakings are allocated to various individuals who are increasingly able (Norton and Hughes, 2009). Appointment is tied in with engaging every individual from the group and allowing every part to be a pioneer and an opportunity to add to the greater objectives of the association or the group. The writers talk about in their book that assignment is tied in w ith permitting the individuals from the group to commit errors †and to address such missteps †without the dread of being accused for such mix-ups (Norton and Hughes, 2009). In the above article, the site Mind Tools examines standards which can be applied by an individual so as to guarantee fruitful designation. The site initially underscores that it is essential to plainly lucid or communicate the ideal result to the individuals from the gathering. It is thusly significant, regardless, ultimate objectives as a top priority and to determine how results can be picked up from the ultimate objectives (MindTools, 2010). The limitations and limits additionally must be distinguished, including the lines of power and duty regarding every individual from the gathering. It is likewise essential to enable the individuals through the appointment procedure and in letting them choose which errands can be alloted to them (MindTools, 2010).

Exogenous IL-10 and Golimumab for Heart Failure Treatment

Exogenous IL-10 and Golimumab for Heart Failure Treatment Synergistic Effect of Exogenous IL-10 and Golimumab in the Treatment for Heart Failure in Rats Running title: Heart Failure Treatment Features: The degree of TNF-ÃŽ ± diminished after treatment with IL-10 and golimumab. The degree of IL-10 was expanded by IL-10 joined with golimumab. IL-10 and golimumab synergistically affect HF in rodents. Conceptual Destinations We endeavored to evaluate the remedial impact of exogenous interleukin-10 (IL-10) in mix with golimumab in treating cardiovascular breakdown (HF) in rodents, and give an exploratory premise to clinical application. Strategies HF creature model was incited in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rodents by intraperitoneally infusion with adriamycin, and rodents in control bunch were treated with 0.9% typical saline. The HF rodents were arbitrarily separated into 4 gatherings: bunch A (HF gathering, n = 10), bunch B (IL-10 gathering, n = 10), bunch C (golimumab gathering, n = 10), and gathering D (IL-10 and golimumab gathering, n = 10). The ordinary rodents were characterized as controls in bunch E (n=10). A quarter of a year later, myocardial utilitarian lists and hemodynamic files of rodents in all gatherings were estimated. The degrees of TNF-ÃŽ ± and IL-10 in serum were distinguished by chemical connected immunosorbent measure (ELISA). Results The HF rodent model was effectively built. After the treatment, contrasted and bunch A, the hemodynamic records in bunches B-D were particularly unique (P Ends IL-10 and golimumab has synergistic impact in the treatment of HF in rodents, proposing a potential clinical use of IL-10 joined with golimumab. Watchwords: cytokines; golimumab; cardiovascular breakdown; IL-10; TNF-ÃŽ ± Presentation Cardiovascular breakdown (HF) is viewed as a condition where the heart can scarcely siphon adequate blood to address the issue of the body [1]. It was exhibited that HF is firmly identified with a few maladies, for example, hypertension, ischemic coronary illness, diabetes, stoutness and dyslipidaemia [2]. HF has just been a significant reason for dismalness and mortality overall [3, 4]. It was accounted for that more than23 million individuals on the planet are experiencing HF [1]. Mortality brought about by HF is up to 30%-40% inside one year, and ascend to a pace of half 75% inside 5 years [5, 6]. Along these lines, HF has been a wellbeing concern everywhere throughout the world. Past investigations recommended that the awkwardness of calming and genius incendiary cytokines assumed a key job in the movement of HF [7]. Late examinations have featured the impacts of certain cytokines on resistant intervened myocyte injury, postischemic myocardial aggravation, and heart work. Levels of calming cytokines, for example, interleukin-10 (IL-10) are diminished in HF advancement [8-11]. Confirmations showed IL-10 controlled irritation by restraining ace fiery cytokine amalgamation and accepted antiapoptotic forms [12]. IL-10 can advance mending of ventricular harm to evade ventricular renovating [13, 14]. IL-10 can upgrade humoral insusceptibility by hindering cell-intervened invulnerability to oppose HF. Along these lines, IL-10 is viewed as a contender for the administration of HF, [12]. Serum level of genius provocative cytokines of tumor corruption factor ÃŽ ± (TNF-ÃŽ ±) are seen as raised in trial models of HF [15]. Studies pronounced that an increment of TNF-ÃŽ ± focus brought about putrefaction and apoptosis of myocardial cells, at long last prompted ventricular rebuilding by the dynamic diminishing and development of ventricular divider [16]. TNF-ÃŽ ± was accounted for to bring down the myocardial systolic capacity legitimately [13, 14]. Besides, confirmations revealed the relationship of TNF-ÃŽ ± and movement of HF: raised degree of TNF-ÃŽ ± added to the turn of events and movement of HF by initiation of lattice metalloproteinases, and advancement of myocardial hypertrophy and contractile brokenness [12]. In this manner, the TNF-ÃŽ ± inhibitors, as meds for HF treatment, had been turning into the current hotly debated issues in HF contemplates. These days, etanercept, a recombinational TNF-ÃŽ ± inhibitor, had been incorporated as of now, which hinder the expert incendiary of TNF-ÃŽ ± because of the prohibited impact for the conjugation of TNF-ÃŽ ± and cell film receptor [17]. Golimumab, another TNF-ÃŽ ± inhibitor, is a monoclonal immune response explicit for human TNF-ÃŽ ± [18]. It can repress the bioactivity of TNF-ÃŽ ± by means of authoritative to TNF-ÃŽ ± with high liking and explicitness to forestall TNF-ÃŽ ± from mix with TNF receptor [19]. What's more, IL-10 has been appeared to assume a critical job in the mucosal insusceptible framework by restraint of ace incendiary cytokine combination, for example, TNF-ÃŽ ± [20, 21]. Be that as it may, there are not many examinations detailing the impact of exogenous IL-10 joined with golimumab forthe HF treatment. In the current examination, we utilized HF rodents model, which was prompted by intraperitoneal infusion with adriamycin (ADR), to investigate the impact of exogenous IL-10 joined with golimumab in the treatment for HF. To break down the helpful impacts, IL-10 or/and golimumab were intraperitoneally infused into the HF rodents and the impacts of the medicines were tried by estimating heart practical records and level of fiery cytokines. Furthermore, the potential instruments of this impact were examined. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rodents model of cardiovascular breakdown Fifty 10-week-old Sprague-Dawley (SD) rodents, including 25 females and 25 guys, were given by Laboratory creature focus, southern clinical college Southern Medical University. Forty rodents, with 20 females and 20 guys, were picked indiscriminately. Rodents with HF were initiated by intraperitoneal infusion with 4 mg/kg adriamycin (ADR) when seven days for multiple times. Control rodents were given a similar volume of ordinary saline. Trial plan and medication organization Following a month and a half, the model rodents were haphazardly separated into 4 trial gatherings: HF gathering (bunch A, n=10), IL-10 gathering (bunch B, n=10), golimumab gathering (bunch C, n=10), and IL-10 and golimumab gathering (bunch D, n=10), with 5 females and 5 guys in each gathering. The typical rodents were considered as controls in bunch E (n=10). Rodents in bunch B was given an intraperitoneally infusion of 50 pg/kg IL-10 every week. Precisely, 1 mg/kg golimumab (Centocor Ortho Biotech Inc) was managed intraperitoneally into the rodents in bunch C every month. Rodents in bunch D was intraperitoneally infused with 50 pg/kg IL-10 every week and 1 mg/kg golimumab every month. Simultaneously, rodents in bunches An and E got an intraperitoneal infusion of 1ml ordinary saline. Rodents in each gathering were treated for multiple times altogether. During the trial, rodents were benefited from food and clean water uninhibitedly. Echocardiography A quarter of a year after organization, echocardiographic pointers were gotten utilizing a shading doppler ultrasonic cardiograph (Vingmed CFM-725). Rodents were anesthetized with 5 ml/kg urethane arrangement at a centralization of 20% by intraperitoneal infusion, and left ventricular long-pivot and M-mode bend at the degree of the left papillary muscles were estimated. At long last, the left ventricle end-diastolic breadth (LVEDD), the left ventricle end-systolic width (LVESD), left ventricular back divider profundity (LVPWD) were estimated, and the left ventricle fragmentary shortening (LVFS) can be determined by the components over, the recipe is as per the following: à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬LVFS = [( LVEDDà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã‚ LVESD)/LVEDD]Ãâ€"100%. Estimations of haemodynamic parameters After anaesthetization, rodents were fixed followed bytracheal intubationwith fake ventilation. Super-smaller than normal heart catheter was associated with multipurposepolygraph (Nikon 4) through the correct basic carotid conduit and climbing aorta. Systolic weight (ASP), diastolic weight (ADP) and pulse (HR) was recorded. As a development, the cardiovascular catheter were embedded into the left ventricle, the left ventricle systolic weight (LVSP), the left ventricular end-diastolic weight (LVEDP) and the most extreme pace of the left ventricular weight rise (+dp/dtmax) and decay (- dp/dtmax) were estimated. At that point, allratsweresacrificed to weight the body. Their hearts were weighted in the wake of washing by chilly ordinary saline and drying by channel paper. At last, Heart weight/Body weight (HW/BW, mg/g) was determined dependent on HW and BW. Assurance of the degree of TNF-ÃŽ ± and IL-10 in serum After hemodynamic assessment, 2 ml blood tests were drawn from the catheter situated in the left basic carotid supply route, and gathered into a 2 ml tube. After 30 min, the blood tests were centrifuged at 3000 r/min for 10 min. The supernatant were gathered into Eppendorf (EP) tube. The grouping of TNF-ÃŽ ± and IL-10 in serum were identified by utilizing an ELISA pack (RayBiotech. Inc), and trial techniques were directed by themanufacturer’sinstructions severely. Measurable examination The information were spoken to as mean  ± standard deviation (SD). Correlations between bunches were broke down by single direction ANOVA and q-test (Student-Newman-Kueulsmethod). Every single factual investigation were performed by utilizing SPSS 12.0 programming (SPSS, Chicago, IL). P RESULTS Heart work At the point when the model foundation was finished, the entirety of the rodents experienced HF, indicating side effects including dyspnea, edema, feed trouble and oliguria. HF indications of the rodents in bunches B-D were reduced after the treatment with IL-10, golimumab, and IL-10 and golimumab separately. Clearly, indications of the rodents in bunch D were most fundamentally eased. There was no rodent kicked the bucket during the experimentation. Changes of BW, HW and HW/BW in the rodents after treatment As appeared in table 1, the BW and HW of the rodents in bunches A-D diminished essentially as opposed to those in bunch E (P altogether when contrasted and bunch A (P > 0.05). The BW and HW of the rodents in bunch D were extraordinarily expanded contrasted and gathering A (422.85â ±34.45 mg versus 315.45â ±20.56 mg; 1355.29â ±112.23 mg versus 1154.58â ±135.48 mg, P The aftereffects of echocardiography Table

Essential Management Skills for Career Advancement

Essential Management Skills for Career Advancement When faced with a seemingly long path, there is no better way than to move forward. After all, a journey of a thousand miles starts with the first step. This is the same philosophy adopted by many with respect to their careers.The moment they enter a certain profession, or become employed in an organization or company, their eyes are trained to look forward, or upward. Thus beginning their quest for career advancement. © Shutterstock | Maslowski MarcinIn this article, we will 1) understand what career advancement really means and 2) the required management skills you need for your career advancement.CAREER ADVANCEMENTOrganizations put great emphasis on career advancement, since it is one way of ensuring employee satisfaction and promote employee retention and loyalty. Forbes’ Victor Lipman said that presenting employees with opportunities to advance their careers is one of the most powerful motivators for employees. After all, they have a clear path ahead â€" the career path has direction, and there is a tangible and visible goal at the end. They will know where they are headed, and what they should do in order to get there. Thus, they will feel more motivated to perform better and strive harder.There are several factors at play when we speak of career advancement. First, there is the organization itself, specifically its culture and the setup of things, particularly the attitude of management a bout employees’ career advancement. It is a reality that some organizations do not really care much about the personal and professional growth of their employees. However, some companies may even invest in developing programs and activities primarily designed to arm their employees with the necessary skills and expertise needed for career advancement.It can also be affected by external factors, or forces outside the organization. For instance, some employees may feel that other companies offer more and better opportunities for career advancement than their current employer. Economic issues within the industry may also affect the employees’ decisions, so they will always seek greener pastures outside the company.Of course, the employees are also a huge factor, especially their attitude and their initiative in actively seeking ways to equip themselves for career advancement. While there are employees who are actively looking for opportunities to go up the ladder, some may not be s o ardent and fall behind.In the big picture, it is the employees who are ultimately responsible for their own growth â€" both personally and professionally. Some actively look for sponsorships to help them along. Others do not hesitate to learn new things and obtain new knowledge that they believe will come in handy in the future when they rise up the ranks.Most of these employees that take the initiative to learn and pursue knowledge focus on acquiring management skills. After all, career advancement often means that they will soon become the managers and leaders, so they are expected to have the necessary skills to be qualified for it.Watch this really nice talk with MasterCard CEO Ajay Banga on taking risks in your career. Cool guy! ESSENTIAL MANAGEMENT SKILLS NEEDED FOR CAREER ADVANCEMENTWhen faced with several candidates for a certain position, such as a supervisory or managerial one, top management and hiring executives will not only look at their basic qualifications â€" educ ation, experience, training, and technical know-how. They are also going to put a lot of weight on the other skills of the candidate and, since we are talking of a higher position that entails more responsibility and accountability, their management skills will be weighed and rated.Management has been defined as the broad discipline of organizing, planning, controlling, and directing the resources of an organization towards the accomplishment of its goals and objectives. From that definition alone, we could surmise, then, that having good management skills means being able to perform those functions with positive results.Let us now look into these management skills in more detail, identifying the specific management skills that are considered to be very crucial for employees who want to go higher in the career ladder.#1 Familiarity with processesBusiness processes knowledgeBusinesses have established processes and work flows that ensure operations are smooth and in order. Aspiring m anagers should be familiar with these business processes if they are expected to be effective in leading or managing. Business management skills should be basic to anyone who wants to have a long and successful career in business and management.Some of the processes that future managers are expected to have knowledge about are:Planning and designing, which includes areas such as research and budgetingExecution, which includes establishment of tasks and assigning them to the appropriate peopleControl and monitoring, or tracking the progress of workEvaluation and assessment, which will also be used for future planningLet us compare two employees who have both been working for a manufacturing company for 10 years. Both are up for promotion, and they have almost the same qualifications. However, Employee A has worked in three divisions in the production line, while Employee B has been with a single division throughout his ten-year employment. Employee A is clearly at an advantage, since he has more knowledge about the processes and flow of work in the production line, while Employee B may have solely focused on his corner, without paying attention to the other divisions.Technical know-howThis is especially important in companies or working environments that are technical in nature. How can one expect to lead when he does not know the first thing about what goes on? Imagine an automobile manufacturing company. There is no way that the department concerned with assembly will be entrusted to a manager who does not know the technical side of assembly.Education, expertise and experience are definitely going to be beneficial in this area. For example, engineers obtain their basic knowledge from school, and they hone their technical know-how through years of practice and actual performance of the job.Having finance skills also falls under this category. One who aspires to have a career on the fast track has to know the basics of financial management. They can start train ing on their own finances, as practice. This skill will demonstrate how efficient he or she will be when in a higher position of authority.#2  Communication and interpersonal skillsBeing a strong communicator is very important if you want to move forward in your career and become a future manager yourself. In fact, a huge bulk of the function of a manager requires communication â€" with top management, with the members of the team, and with other parties outside of the team and the organization. Communication skills refer to both internal and external communication skills.The key to being able to lead and manage people is to learn how to communicate with them first. You have a message you want to convey or bring across, you have to be able to communicate it well. You need some information or data about something, you have to know how to communicate this need.Being a good communicator is not just about being articulate and expressing oneself through written and spoken words. Having g ood communication skills also entails knowing how and when to listen. #3  Emotional intelligence skillsThis is somehow closely related to communication skills, because how people communicate and connect with other people depends on how much control they have over their emotions.Emotional intelligence refers to an individual’s natural ability to perceive, control and evaluate emotions, and act accordingly. While many may argue that emotional intelligence is something that people are born with, it also qualifies as a skill that can be learned, developed and honed.Those with potential to go far in their careers are those who have a handle on their emotions, and can also read and monitor the emotions and feelings of others. Observations and deductions are then used effectively to communicate with other people and build relationships with them.A good example is how many successful managers and career people end up being described as “people person”. They get along easily with other people, and they can get other people to get along.#4  Time management and Scheduling skillsIf you think about it, time management is a skill that every person should have, even for personal reasons. But it becomes especially essential if you plan on advancing your career and hold a position in the higher levels of management someday.In business, almost everything is time-bound. There are deadlines that must be kept and schedules to adhere to. Projects, for example, are often subjected to time frames within which the work will have to be performed by the employees, using the resources made available to them.The employee should have a consciousness for time and a full recognition of the impact of working within the time frame as opposed to not following. In business, wasted time often means wasted money. The business may be losing income even in a few precious minutes of delay.The employee should develop the ability to:Understand the overall scope of the project, from the plans to t he expected output;Comprehend and follow the progress of the project at a glance;Identify the tasks that need to be done, and break them down into manageable parts for easier and more convenient performance by employees or team members;Assign the tasks and responsibilities to the appropriate team members, or employees who are the best fit for them;#5  Team management skillsA good manager is a good team player. She manages people, yes, and she leads them. But she should also be cognizant of the dynamics of a group.The first thing that she should be able to do is command the respect of the other employees. If she is able to do that, she will have an easier time in leading them. Having good team management skills means being able to create a cohesive group, despite the differences in the personalities, values and attitudes of the individual members of the team. That bond that will be created will be used to lead them towards an established goal or target.What does it mean to have team management skills? This means that you should have the following skills:Goal setting skills. You should be able to create and establish goals that are reasonable and attainable.Personal influence skills. Another basic skill that a prospective manager should have is the ability to establish trust and inspire respect from team members, and encourage the development of a relationship of trust and respect among members of the team.Negotiating skills. Often, leaders and managers find themselves having to talk their way into, or out of, a situation. A compromise has to be reached in a way that will be ultimately beneficial for everyone involved. This calls for negotiation skills.Delegation skills. You should know how to delegate tasks to the appropriate and qualified employees accordingly. It then follows that you should know how to define duties and responsibilities clearly.Coaching skills. You must know how to provide coaching and mentoring to the members of the team. From time to time, leaders are approached by team members for advice, and you should learn how to provide them objectively.Evaluation skills. Part of knowing how to manage a team is knowing how to provide objective and constructive feedback on individual and team performance.Having team management skills does not solely pertain to looking at the team as one entity, because it also calls for getting a feel for all the members of the team. It is not enough to be able to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the team as a whole.More often than not, there is a need to take a look at each member of the team, identify their individual strengths and weaknesses and understand them, so that you can find out how to increase their productivity in the team. #6  Meeting management skillsClosely lumped with communication and team management skills, meeting management skills are also expected from someone who wants to take on more responsibilities. Some people are seen to have natural charisma when talking with a group of people, able to command their attention in a meeting.Fortunately, this skill can be practiced. There are actually courses that teach aspiring managers the basics of how to conduct meetings and moderate discussions. With the proper training and practice, one can easily develop and hone this skill.#7  Risk management and response skillsBusinesses are always subject to different types of risks, and these are what top management always find themselves having to contend with. Fortunately, there are several risk management tools and systems that may be used. Keep in mind, however, that these are simply tools and aids that facilitate risk management. Risk management is, at its core, still something that managers do, using the tools made available to them.An aspiring manager should develop a skill for identifying risks even before they actually come into fruition. They should also have the ability to initiate a process for solving problems and mitigating risks. It is up to them t o formulate a proper response to risks and develop a backup plan, in the event that their initial response does not achieve the desired result.#8  Change managementFlexibility is a trait that is valued greatly among managers, and nothing demonstrates the flexibility and resiliency of a manager than the occurrence of changes and transitions. It is possible that there may be last-minute changes in personnel, or tasks, or even the goals and objectives.Change management skills cover the following abilities:Recognize changes before they happen, and understand the impact and possible outcomes of these changes;Analyze changes and adjust accordingly;Communicating the changes and its impacts to members of the team#9  Problem solving and decision making skillsThese are probably the more difficult management skills for many people. There are people who have a natural aptitude and ability to look at problems from all angles and find solutions for them. What about those who don’t?Not to worry, because this skill can also be learned and acquired through a lot of practice and experience. #10  Integrating integrity in one’s actionsIntegrity is a choice, meaning a person chooses whether to demonstrate integrity or not. Aside from adhering to specific ethical standards set by the organization, every individual has her own set of values and ethical standards.Exercising integrity is not going to be enough, because this will only be a true skill if it is applied consistently. The integrity applied in one’s personal actions and decisions will also have a bearing on her actions and decisions involving her work and other matters in the workplace.#11  Willingness to pursue skill set honing and developmentAn unflagging commitment to seek betterment of oneself is also considered a skill. You will notice that there are two kinds of people in the workplace: one who chooses to advance himself, and one who doesn’t. While the latter is content to just go about his usual tasks and hop e for the best, the former actively pursues self-improvement, seeking opportunities to hone his skills and earn more experience.A future manager should have this thirst for knowledge, and the greed to become better. Being competitive is a good trait that every manager should have, since it will push him to do better and thus improving the capability to go further. One cannot hope to go forward in his or her career if they are not committed to doing what they can to do exactly that.

Why Gods a Woman - 1062 Words

God is a Woman General Purpose: To Persuade Specific Purpose: To persuade the audience that God is a woman. Thesis Statement: Since we are supposed to be made in â€Å"his† – meaning God’s- reflection, I am female and therefore God too is female. I. Introduction A. In the bible, Genesis chapter 1, verse 26 – 27, states, â€Å"God said, let us make man in our image, in our likeness, and let them rule over the fish of the sea, and the birds of the air, over the livestock, all over the Earth, and all creatures that move along the ground.† B. These statements are left open for interpretation, implying that humankind was created in God’s divine image. C. To me these lines help to illustrate that God was in fact a woman and since we are†¦show more content†¦2. Men started off with ovaries and then the curious little Y chromosome decided to kick into action, causing the ovaries to drop and leaving a male with testicles. 3. In regards to reproductive organs, Dr. Freudenrich said, â€Å"the default sex in humans is female† (Freudenrich, 2010.) 4. In short, women paved the way for men. In order to bare life one must be equipped with the proper body parts, this again leaves the way for women. 5. Childbirth in itself proves that God must be a woman because it takes a great deal of inner strength that reaches beyond comprehension to bring another life into this world. 6. This is a thought that would cause most men to quiver yet illustrates beautifully the strength of a woman. III. Conclusion A. Strength, brains, nurturing, kindness, cunning, forgiving, and beauty; these words are not just to describe the next Miss America winner, but are words to describe what a God should be. B. These words are therefore describing women. C. Women have been subdued for centuries by the patriarchal thought that women are to be mothers and wives only. D. The saving grace of these injustices infiltrates a woman’s entire being, especially in her ability to mother her children, emphasizing to them the essential qualities of a God. E. Humankind was created in God’s image and God is a woman. References Berman, L. (2008, September 2). The human embryo s sex differentiation. RetrievedShow MoreRelatedTest1217 Words   |  5 Pages he was a perfect being. He was the ideal model for all men and the best choice for all women. However, Adam failed and corrupted Gods image. The fall happened after Genesis Chapter 3, in the bible. Therefore to study the perfect criteria for a man, we will look at the instructions given by God to Adam before the fall. **1. Gods presence** The first trait is Gods presence. The first instruction given by God to Adam was in Genesis 2:15-17. 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AsRead MoreArgumentative Essay on Gay Marriage842 Words   |  3 Pages Grammar and Composition lesson 75 Argumentative Essay on Gay Marriage Marriage is the ceremonial binding of two people, male and female, into one couple. Historically, marriage has been the institution when a man and a woman join together with the promise of love, devotion, to always stay together, to be there for each other, to take care of one another and to start a family together. Biblically, marriage has been all the aspects above, but including honoring, loving

Life, Death and Happy Ending Margaret Atwood Essay Topics

Life, Death and Happy Ending Margaret Atwood Essay Topics Reading example essays works the exact same way! The purpose of several versions is to be certain that everybody is satisfied, the author avoided gender discrimination within her writing. Essay on tv is an entertainment center 10 minutes you are going to have a predetermined time to compose each essay mean you do a lot of the thinking at the beginning, permitting you to spend the remainder of the time writing. Browsing our essay writing samples can provide you a good idea whether the standard of our essays is the quality you're looking for. The Hidden Gem of Happy Ending Margaret Atwood Essay Topics If you need a joyful stoping. Moreover, short stories generally mimic real life somehow. Consider a number of the short stories that we've read so far this term. Again, Atwood utilizes these areas of the story for a metaphor for the start of adulthood and the journey they have in the remainder of their lives. Of the many symbols he takes from the natural world, the moon is among the most malleable. Despite their unique differences, the stories of each one of the characters ultimately end in the exact same way. Also, her narrators are ordinarily not reliable, and they can even be mentally unstable. As soon as it is clear the characters are outwardly pleased with their ordinarily content lives, they aren't fully developed characters. The characters die in the long run. Using flat characters in Happy Endings is among the ways Atwood's satirical tone is particularly emphasized. As you have observed, Happy endings has a distinctive structure for a brief story. Every one of the scenes provides the identical conclusion. Here's What I Know About Happy Ending Margaret Atwood Essay Topics Effect of the best argumentative absolutely free essays sorting also referred to as argumentative wish to take a look at stories buy advertising space in databases and argument topic. For example if only what had happened was told there would not be any richness of a genuine story it would just be a report. 1 theme may be the idea about what the middle class values as important. The principal theme in the majority of literature that divides it from the remainder of the stories is that literature attempts to make a particular point, and in doing so forces the reader to consider the point that the writer is attempting to make. Although everyone could have their very own individual reasoning behind their decision, it's likely that many have become accustomed to a certain kind of ending in both literature and film. Random energies that approach a standard point. In truth, it has extended many Of the fundamental tactics and assumptions of modern-day literature. In every one of her scenarios. Each ending has a different sort of woman. Regardless of the truth, the sentence structure doesn't alter all that much. That may be a climax, or it may just be a midpoint. On the flip side, Atwood narrative depicts death as the principal resolution to relationship matter. But even the middle of the narrative is merely portion of a larger whole. It is clear that Atwood holds the notion that life ought to be the basic means to a joyful end. Get the Scoop on Happy Ending Margaret Atwood Essay Topics Before You're Too Late Atwood begins with If you desire a joyful ending. He supplies six different scenarios that involve the same characters. Often, he teaches through negative example in her work. Today, he is one of the best-known living writers in the world. Essays could possibly be lightly modified for readability or to defend the anonymity of contributors, but we don't edit essay examples before publication. Margaret Atwood's Happy Endings isn't a normal short story. This isn't an instance of the work generated by our Essay Writing Service. Scene A is a great life. Stacey always wished to be a mother and she was so delighted to discover that she was having a baby. B Stacey is 30 years old and she's not married or within a relationship. Storyline F, the last story, speaks right to the reader. `lhis is the conclusion of the story. A portion of the story that was clear was the distinctive structure. Nothing has yet to be ruined and it still has the chance to please the reader.

The Hunters Moonsong Chapter Eleven Free Essays

â€Å"Coffee, my dear?† Professor Campbel – James, Elena reminded herself – asked. At her nod, he bounced to his feet and bustled over to the tiny coffeemaker perched on top of a teetering stack of papers. He brought her a cup of coffee, creamed and sugared, and settled down happily in his chair, gazing across his crowded desk at her with an expression of innocent enjoyment. We will write a custom essay sample on The Hunters: Moonsong Chapter Eleven or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"I think I have some cookies,† he offered. â€Å"Not homemade, but they’re reasonably tasty. No?† Elena shook her head politely and sipped her coffee. â€Å"It’s very good,† she said, and smiled at him. It had been a few days since she had told Stefan and Damon she needed to take a break from them. After a much-needed sob session with Bonnie and Meredith, she had done her best to be normal – going to class, having lunch with her friends, keeping up a brave mask. Part of this attempt at normality was coming to James’s office hours, so that she could hear more about her parents. Even though they couldn’t be there to comfort her, talking about them offered some solace. â€Å"My God!† James cried out. â€Å"You have Elizabeth’s face, and then, when you smile, Thomas’s dimple comes right out. Just the same as his – on only one side. It gave him a certain raffish charm.† Elena wondered if she should thank James. He was complimenting her, in a way, but the compliments were real y directed toward her parents, and it felt a little presumptuous to be grateful for them. She settled for saying, â€Å"I’m glad you think I look like my parents. I remember thinking when I was little that they were very elegant.† She shrugged. â€Å"I guess al little kids think their parents are beautiful.† â€Å"Well, your mother certainly was,† James said. â€Å"But it’s not just your looks. Your voice sounds like hers, and the comments you made in class this week reminded me of things your father would have said. He was very observant.† He delved into his desk drawers and, after a bit of rummaging, pul ed out a tin of butter cookies. â€Å"Sure you won’t have one? Ah, Well.† He chose one for himself and took a bite. â€Å"Yes, as I was saying, Elizabeth was extremely lovely. I wouldn’t have cal ed Thomas lovely, but he had charm. Maybe that’s how he managed to win Elizabeth’s heart in the end.† â€Å"Oh.† Elena stirred her coffee absently. â€Å"She dated other guys, then?† It was ridiculous, but she had kind of imagined her parents as always being together. James chuckled. â€Å"She was quite the heartbreaker. I imagine you are, too, dear.† Elena thought unhappily of Stefan’s soft, dismayed green eyes. She had never wanted to hurt him. And Matt, who she had dated in high school and who had quietly gone on loving her. He hadn’t fal en in love, or even been real y interested in, anyone else since then. Heartbreaker, yeah. James was watching her with bright, inquisitive eyes. â€Å"Not a happy heartbreaker, then?† he said softly. Elena glanced at him in surprise, and he set his coffee cup down with a little clink. He straightened up. â€Å"Elizabeth Morrow,† he said in a brisk businesslike voice, â€Å"was a freshman when I met her. She was always making things, particularly amazing sets and costumes she designed for the theater department. Your father and I were both sophomores at the time – we were in the same fraternity, and close friends – and he couldn’t stop talking about this amazing girl. Once I got to know her, I was sucked into her orbit, too.† He smiled. â€Å"Thomas and I each had something special about us: I was academical y gifted, and Thomas could talk anyone into anything. But we were both cultural barbarians. Elizabeth taught us about art, about theater, about the world beyond the smal Southern towns where we’d grown up.† James ate another cookie, absentmindedly licking sugar off his fingers, then sighed deeply. â€Å"I thought we’d be friends forever,† he said. â€Å"But we went in different directions in the end.† â€Å"Why?† Elena asked. â€Å"Did something happen?† His bright eyes shifted away from hers. â€Å"Of course not,† he said dismissively. â€Å"Just life, I suppose. But whenever I walk down the third-floor corridor, I can’t help stopping to look at the photograph of us.† He gave a self-conscious laugh, patting his stomach. â€Å"Mostly vanity, I suppose. I recognize my young self more easily than I do the fat old man I see in the mirror now.† â€Å"What are you talking about?† Elena asked, confused. â€Å"The third-floor corridor?† James’s mouth made a round O of surprise. â€Å"Of course, you don’t know al the col ege traditions yet. The long corridor on the third floor of this building has pictures from al the different periods of Dalcrest’s history. Including a nice photo of your parents and yours truly.† â€Å"I’l have to check it out,† Elena said, feeling a little excited. She hadn’t seen many pictures of her parents from before they were married. There was a tap on the door, and a smal girl with glasses peeked in. â€Å"Oh, I’m sorry,† she said, and started to withdraw. â€Å"No, no, my dear,† James said jovial y, getting to his feet. â€Å"Elena and I were just chatting about old friends. You and I need to have a serious talk about your senior thesis as soon as possible. Come in, come in.† He gave Elena an absurd little half bow. â€Å"Elena, we’l have to continue this conversation later.† â€Å"Of course,† Elena said, and rose, shaking James’s offered hand. â€Å"Speaking of old friends,† he said casual y as she turned to go, â€Å"I met a friend of yours, Dr. Celia Connor, just before the semester started. She mentioned that you were coming here.† Elena whipped back around, staring at him. He had met Celia? Images fil ed Elena’s mind: Celia held in Stefan’s arms as he traveled faster than any human, desperate to save her life; Celia fending off the phantom in a room ful of flames. How much did James know? What had Celia told him? James smiled blandly back at her. â€Å"But we’l talk later,† he said. After a moment, Elena nodded and stumbled out of his office, her mind racing. The girl who was waiting held the door open for her. In the hal outside, Elena leaned against the wal and took stock for a moment. Would Celia have told James about Stefan and Damon being vampires, or anything about Elena herself? Probably not. Celia had become a friend by the end of their battle with the phantom. She would have kept their secrets. Plus, Celia was a very savvy academic. She wouldn’t have told her col eagues anything that might make them think she was crazy, including that she had met actual vampires. Elena shook off the unease she felt from the end of her conversation with James and thought instead of the picture he’d told her about. She climbed the stairs to the third floor to see if she could find it now. It turned out that the â€Å"third-floor corridor† was no problem to find. While the second floor was a maze of turning passageways and faculty offices subdivided from one another, when she stepped out of the stairWellon the third floor she discovered it was a long hal that ran from one end of the building to the other. In contrast to the chatter of people at work on the second floor, the third floor seemed abandoned, silent and dim. Closed doors sat at regular intervals along the hal . Elena peered through the glass on one door, only to see an empty room. Al down the hal , between the doors, hung large photographs. Near the stairWell, where she began looking, they seemed like they were from maybe the turn of the century: young men in side-combed hair and suits, smiling stiffly; girls in high-necked white blouses and long skirts with their hair pul ed up on top of their heads. In one, a row of girls carried garlands of flowers for some forgotten campus occasion. There were photos of boat races and picnics, couples dressed up for dances, team pictures. In one photo, the cast of some student play – maybe from the 1920s or ’30s, the girls with shingled flapper cuts, the guys with funny covers over their shoes – laughed hilariously on stage, their mouths frozen open, their hands in the air. A little farther on, a group of young men in army uniforms gazed back at her seriously, jaws firmly set, eyes determined. As she moved on down the hal , the photos changed from black-and-white to color; the clothes got less formal; the hairstyles grew longer, then shorter; messier, then sleeker. Even though most of the people in the photographs looked happy, something about them made Elena feel sad. Maybe it was how fast time seemed to pass in them: al these people had been Elena’s age, students like her, with their own fears and joys and heartbreaks, and now they were gone, grown older or even dead. She thought briefly of a bottle tucked deep in her closet at home, containing the water of eternal life she’d accidental y stolen from the Guardians. Was that the answer? She pushed the thought away. It wasn’t the answer yet – she knew that – and she’d made the very clear choice not to think about that bottle, not to decide anything, not now. She had time, she had more life to live natural y before she’d want to ask herself that question. The picture James talked about was close to the far end of the hal . In it, her father, her mother, and James were sitting on the grass under a tree in the quad. Her parents were leaning forward in eager conversation, and James – a much thinner version, his face almost unrecognizable beneath a straggly beard – was sitting back and watching them, his expression sharp and amused. Her mother looked amazingly young, her face soft, her eyes wide, her smile big and bright, but she was also somehow exactly the mother Elena remembered. Elena’s heart gave a painful but happy throb at the sight of her. Her father was gawkier than the distinguished dad Elena had known – and his pastel-patterned shirt was a fashion disaster of epic proportions – but there was an essential dadness to him that made Elena smile. She noticed the pin on his horrific pastel shirt first. She thought it was a smudge, but then, leaning forward, she made out the shape of a smal , dark blue V. Looking at the other figures, she realized her mother and James were wearing the same pins, her mother’s half-obscured by a long golden curl fal ing across it. Weird. She tapped her finger slowly against the glass over the photograph, touching one V and then the others. She would ask James about the pins. Hadn’t he mentioned that he and her dad had been in a fraternity? Maybe it had something to do with that. Didn’t frat boys â€Å"pin† their girlfriends? Something nudged at the edges of her mind. She’d seen one of these pins somewhere. But she couldn’t remember where, so she shrugged it off. Whatever it stood for, it was something she didn’t know about her parents, another facet of their lives to be discovered here. She couldn’t wait to learn more. How to cite The Hunters: Moonsong Chapter Eleven, Essay examples

Napster Essays (795 words) - Metallica, Napster, Online Music Stores

Napster In order to find out why problem arouse in music industry around the Napster, we need to find out what is Napster? Napster is a database program that located on a computer server in San Mateo, CA. Napster community have more than 38 million users. Each of these 38 million users include in their computers variety of songs in MP3 format. The songs range from every musical type from classical to rap. Consumers use compact discs to make their own MP3 files, and then add them to their shared music profile in their Napster software. Again, Napster does not hold the copyrighted material on their servers; it is stored on the computer of users. The people are controlling what music they share among each other. Napster has a disclaimer on its transfer page warning people not to break copyright laws. Napster also has the right to prevent anyone from using their database service if they are found to have broken the copyright laws. I believe that people should be able to download music off Napster because it's just like the VCR, radio, and tape, it is a good way to promote music and a way for new artists to be heard. According to David Grohl (napster.com) it's the same as turning on the radio. You listen to different songs, except you choose which ones you want to listen to. If they shut down Napster, will they shut down the radio? You're doing the same thing on Napster that you would do at the concert. It's just more suitable to do it in your own home. Why would artists want to ban Napster when it promotes their music? Napster could help people hear your new songs and if they like them you'll make money and become famous. In addition, according to Madonna Napster could be a great way for people to hear your music who wouldn't have the chance to hear it on the radio. Chuck D, (napster.com) says, We should think of Napster as a kind of radio?a promotional tool that can help artists who don't have their music pla yed on mainstream radio or on MTV. A bigger problem is that the people misuse Napster by putting music onto cd's. This problem is not a new one. People have been copying music on audio as well as videotapes for a long time. Napster is just another source to obtain music. In this case we must abandon firms who produces violent games and songs, knives, etc? in order to eliminate crime rate. Of course our society can't handle that because these things appear in everyday of our lives. According to Courtney Love stealing our copyright provisions in the dead of night when no-one is looking is piracy. It's not piracy when kids swap music over the Internet using Napster. There were more than one billion downloads last year but music sales have been up, so how is Napster hurting the music industry? Also Napster is a revolutionary way of getting music. This revolution sooner or later will result in a new way of purchasing music. Would it not be easier to download the music directly from the music company? It would be much easier and convenient going to a favorite bands website and downloading sample MP3 files from every song on the CD. Then the buyer could make an intelligent buying decision. If the CD was impressive enough throughout, a person could then be directed to a download website and purchase the entire collection. The price should be much lower. Reasons for this price reduction are no reproduction mark up and no shipping cost to the stores. The buyer would then download the music, make the CD and print artwork. No more will the public be deceived into buying a CD to find out there is only one good track on it. Another bonus to this way of buying music is making a greatest hit CD. For those artists that may only have one or two good songs on their CD, this would be anot her way to get sales. A person could download anything he wants and put those songs onto a CD. Music consumers do not want to see the artists hurt,

Bronfenbrenner ecological theory of development Essay Example

Bronfenbrenner ecological theory of development Essay Example Bronfenbrenner ecological theory of development Paper Bronfenbrenner ecological theory of development Paper Bronfenbrenner ecological system theory is one of the most frequently cited development models of our times. Its wide spread acceptance is in part due to varied solutions that it offers to complicated social and community problems (Damon Lerner, 2006). The theory revolves around the development of child and the impact of seemingly intertwined social issues on individual personality traits. It hypotheses that children are impacted by their immediate environment such as family, school or friends while factors including health, religious teachings and economy are all interrelated to effect the overall lifestyle. Although the impact of immediate environment is the strongest but it can be mitigated by another more powerful event in life (Cocking and Renninger, 1993). The five systems, as described by Bronfenbrenner are Microsystems, Mesosystem, Exosystem, Macrosystem and Chronosystem. The impact of most important setting is explained by Microsystem which includes the family, peer, school and neighbourhood. Although there is no set pattern or limit to the level of influence that any one system may exhibit, Microsystem is considered most influential. Bronfenbrenner levels of influence on personal development My family has had great influence in shaping my development and aspirations. Since my childhood, my parents took it upon themselves to train and emphasize the importance of cultural values. I was brought up in an environment where tradition and religion dictated every aspect of personal life. It seemed that the Church played a pivotal role in further strengthening the beliefs and faith associated with a traditional Christian America. As a child, my early memories evoke a picture of strict adherence to Christian faith as I accompanied my mother and other female relatives on occasional Church activities. Furthermore, a close knit family fostered the development of strong family ties that encouraged participation in family events and exchange of gifts. Such was the emphasis on attending important family events that my family still somehow manages to attend various ceremonies in spite of the hardship to travel long distances. It will not be an oversimplification to suggest that these strong relationships fostered a sense of unity where every member of family garners support from other well established members of this group. I have seen several of my Cousins and Uncles getting financial support as well as help with finding jobs, guidance and medical treatments. Even Bronfenbrenner himself suggest that there is a need for American families to live close enough to rely on each other. He advises that living together will enhance our chances of supporting young parents and elders (Boemmel Briscoe, 2001). On the contrary, such affection adversely affected my lifestyle at school where it was almost difficult for me to adjust in Kindergarten and early grades. The primary reason for such an anomaly can be attributed to the fact that my initial upbringing was done with care and affection from Parents, Uncles and Aunts which made it difficult for me to take dictation from someone else, who was initially a stranger to me. The trend continued throughout my school life where I made only a few trusted friends as my personality became accustomed to making friends based on my own perception of trust. I was brought up in a middle class neighbourhood where residents from several different cultures lived together in harmony. Such peaceful coexistence further strengthened my belief of camaraderie and looking towards family and friends for help. The overall circumstances and a relatively peaceful environment assisted me in developing unbiased attitudes towards people of different faith, cultures, race and gender. I was also fortunate to have the teachers and mentors who helped me envision a better world without the myths and controversies usually associated with people of different lifestyle. Regular family functions promoted active participation in healthy activities which kept us away from being attracted by events in media. I still have a vague memory of watching cartoons and such popular TV shows as Sesame Street but TV time was strictly scheduled by parents who oversaw the selection of every thing being watched. Where such an attitude fostered the ideas of ethical viewing it also provided a yearning to resist the commands which to me were conflicting with the freedom that I intended. Strict adherence to rules invoked a personality conflict that later developed into doing things that had more detrimental results. It included getting into brawls, frequent mood swings and apathy from taking orders. These attitudes first developed at the age of seven, which my parents misunderstood as ADHD Attention Deficit Hyper Disorder. I also remembered to be given certain medications for a few months followed by frequent visits to the therapist. Fortunately, one of my extended family members is a medical professional who specialises in the area of child medicine. He was also accustomed to our family life therefore he was able to convince my parents that such traits are normal in boys transitioning to teenage and should not be taken seriously. Due to lack of solid data on ADHD and a strong debate surrounding the effective treatment, my family stopped any further treatment. I am not a fervent reader nor do I remember studying many books but it seems habitual that I skim through newspapers and magazine articles to keep myself updated with major events unfolding around me. Such habits have encouraged me to critically analyse events and reports without being overwhelmed by the tone of the writer. Furthermore, I understand that events unfolding around the World and global economic meltdown has made it difficult for many to make a substantial living but it should be understood that the recession is cyclical and United States still provides opportunities which are far superior to any that other people around the World can ever get. Bronfenbrenner theory graduate school Most of my family has worked hard to achieve their goals and education has assisted most of them to achieve their objectives. Since my childhood, I have seen most of my family members enjoying a privilege of holding at least a high school diploma. Nowadays, a high school diploma may not mean much to our generation but three to four decades earlier it could land someone a reasonable blue collar job. I was always taught about the virtues of getting quality education. I remember that my grandfather used to appreciate and encourage young people to attend educational seminars and events. His thoughts were based on the philosophy that education does not merely provide the knowledge to understand the facts but instead it teaches to differentiate between fact and fiction. I think that these ideas are deeply imbedded in my conscience which has helped me to develop a better understanding of the environment around me. While such an opinion has definitely helped me to pursue higher education, it has also set me back in achieving greater results from education. Following the philosophy of my grandfather, I always tried to understand the basics without evaluating everything in detail. I have been so overwhelmed by the idea of details that it has made it relatively difficult for me to grasp detailed guidelines. I am moulded to appreciate simple and least complex items. Nevertheless, I was never forced to get a higher degree. Enrolling in a Master’s Program is my own decision which has primarily resulted from the teaching of my elders and to a lesser degree for gaining financial prosperity. As discussed, I was fortunate enough to get good teachers who were a role model of a successful social person. It can be assumed that one of the other reasons to continue a Master’s degree might be an urge to remain close to people who exude an image of higher intellect than the society. Although gaining financial prosperity is my secondary aim but I must confess that my decision to get a Master’s degree is also dictated by fears of an insecure future without the financial freedom that an average person craves for. Due to the fact that my extended family acts as a closely knit unit, several of my Cousins and Uncles have themselves gone to earn continuing education credits. I think I am also afraid to face the criticism of my family for not striving for a higher degree when most of my cousins are already planning to do so. In this regard, I consider myself lucky to be among a fortunate few to be bestowed with some of the best educational systems in the World. To me, it will be an injustice to myself for not grasping this opportunity and implement its wisdom to utilize my knowledge for the betterment of human kind. I personally think that Bronfenbrenner theory helps define almost every aspect of my life and it advocates looking at interrelated parameters to find a plausible solution to problems. References Boemmel, J Briscoe J (2001 May 9). Web Quest Project Theory Fact Sheet of Urie Bronfenbrenner. Retrieved April 23, 2009, from National Louis University Web site: http://pt3. nl. edu/boemmelbriscoewebquest. pdf Cocking, R, Renninger, A (1993). The development and meaning of psychological distance. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Damon W Lerner R (2006). Handbook of Child Psychology: Theoretical models of human development. Wiley Sons Inc. p 991

3 Types of Usage Errors

3 Types of Usage Errors 3 Types of Usage Errors 3 Types of Usage Errors By Mark Nichol The term usage in the context of language refers to the employment of the proper word or phrase to convey an idea. Writers often produce usage errors in one of several ways. They misuse a word with a meaning similar to that of a more appropriate term, they employ the wrong homophone- a word that sounds like the intended term but it spelled differently- or they mangle an idiom. Each of these sentence demonstrates one of these errors, and a discussion and a revision accompanies each. 1. The website allows one donation every day, but one person found a way to bypass the twenty-four-hour caveat. The Latin verb caveat, which literally means â€Å"let him beware† (its root word, cavere, is also the source of caution), has been adopted into English as a noun meaning â€Å"warning,† but sometimes, as here, the term is used inappropriately; other, more apt words are available: â€Å"The website allows one donation every day, but one person found a way to bypass the twenty-four-hour restriction.† (A more egregious violation of the meaning is the bureaucrat-speak abomination â€Å"Let me caveat that†- originally attributed to loopily loquacious Alexander Haig, who was serving as secretary of state to Ronald Reagan at the time- which means, â€Å"I want to caution you about that.†) 2. The Zika virus is a mosquito-born illness that can cause neurological problems in adults and birth defects in children. The adjective born, referring to birth, is here confused with borne, meaning â€Å"carried or spread by†: â€Å"The Zika virus is a mosquito-borne illness that can cause neurological problems in adults and birth defects in children.† Both words are derived from the Old English word boren, the past tense of beran, from which the verb bear stems (and borne is the past tense of bear), but the meanings are distinct. 3. The news agency saved its face by reporting before the official announcement that Smith had been fired. The past tense of the idiom â€Å"save face† is here rendered with an altered form suggesting that the news agency’s physical visage was preserved rather than that it managed to maintain its figurative dignity; the sentence should read, â€Å"The news agency saved face by reporting before the official announcement that Smith had been fired.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Usage Review category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Definitely use "the" or "a"Expanded and ExtendedThe "Pied" in The Pied Piper

Reagan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Reagan - Essay Example Ronald Reagan’s major focus during his first term was reviving the economy his administration inherited, which was plagued by a new phenomenon known as stagflation (a stagnant economy combined with high inflation). His administration fought double-digit inflation by supporting Federal Reserve Board Chairman Paul Volcker’s decision to tighten the money supply by dramatically hiking interest rates. Economist Milton Friedman said, â€Å"Reagan understood that there was no way of ending inflation without monetary restraint and a temporary recession†. Friedman feels there were three key elements inherent in Reagan’s fiscal policy. Which was primarily designed to curb social spending and increase defense spending. Reagan according to Friedman, accomplished this in three ways:(1) by slashing tax rates and so cutting Congress’s allowance. (2) by being willing to take a severe recession to end inflation. In the opinion of Friedman, no other post-war president would have been willing to back the Volcker Fed in its tough stance in 1981-82. I can testify from personal knowledge that Reagan knew what he was doing. He understood that there was no way of ending inflation without monetary restraint and a temporary recession. As in every area, he stuck to his guns and looked to the long term.(3)and in some ways the least recognized, by attacking government regulations. The federal Register records the thousands of detailed rules and regulations that federal agencies churn out in the course of a year.... and his detractors did not have such a regal assessment of his policies; "Reagan's theory was really 'trickle down' economics borrowed from the Republican 1920's (Harding- Coolidge-Hoover) and renamed 'supply side'. Cut tax rates for the wealthy; every one else will benefit. The supply side rhetoric 'was always a Trojan horse to bring down the top rate'. Many middle-class and poor citizens figured it out, even if the reporters did not". (Greider) Two years into Reagan's presidency, the United States experienced its worst recession since the Great Depression, with unemployment peaking at 10.8 per cent. Rather than take responsibility, Reagan attempted to blame the 1982 recession on his predecessor, Jimmy Carter. -Ronald Reagan, nationally televised campaign speech, October 24, 1980-(federal deficits totaled #252 billion under Carter. By the end of the Reagan presidency, federal deficits would total $1.4 trillion. Early in his presidency, Reagan chose as his economic advisors a group that espoused a radical economic theory called "supply-side". The supply siders told Reagan that if he gave tax cuts to the top brackets (the wealthiest individuals) the positive effects would "trickle down" to everyone else. Tax cuts they argued, would produce so much growth in the economy that America could just outgrow its deficits. Reagan bought into the supply side theory, which is why in 1981 he predicted that there would be a "drastic

10 Most Beautiful Scientific Experiments Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

10 Most Beautiful Scientific Experiments - Essay Example The wave nature of light makes the light waves going through the 2 slits to interfere thereby producing bright and dark bands in the screen. Light is always absorbed at the screen at separate points as individual particles demonstrating the interference pattern by the use of particles of varying densities (The New York Times). This experiment can be performed in different versions including use of detectors at the slits where each detected photon passes through the slit but not through both slits thereby demonstrating the wave-particle duality principle. This experiment demonstrated that the light consists of waves. This could be seen by the way brightness is distributed, which can be explained by alternately subtractive and additive interference of wave-fronts. The experiment played a vital role in the acceptance of the wave theory of light. The oil drop experiment was used to measures the elementary charge of the electron. The gravitational force and buoyant forces were determined from the observed radii of oil drop. The experiment confirmed that the charge of oil droplets in mechanical equilibrium which is −1.5924 (17)Ãâ€"10−19 C, in the range of one percent of the presently accepted value of −1.602176487(40)Ãâ€"10−19 C (The New York Times). This was the charge of one

Defining The Concept Of Terrorism

Defining The Concept Of Terrorism The phenomenon of terrorism has become a major concern of the international community. It is elevated to the foremost foreign policy problem of the states. The terrorists power is growing day by day. The new and faster modes of transportation and communication technologies have made it easier for the terrorists to reach their targets and strike them without any difficulty. This has magnified the threat of terrorism and made it more sinister than it has been in the past. Although the menace is very dangerous and terribly affecting our daily lives, the states and even the academics have so far failed to comprehensively define and build a consensus on the term terrorism. The analysts face difficulty when it is considered that some forms and classes of terrorism are justifiable whereas others are not.  [1]   This article is an effort to highlight the complexities in defining terrorism, and to find out some ways to reach at least a partial consensus among states. The article is divided into four parts. The first part focuses on the definitional problems as far as the term terrorism is concerned. In the second part an attempt has been made to distinguish between terrorism and freedom fighting. The third part deals with the changing meaning and nature of terrorism over a period of time. And the last part discusses some practical approaches to reach a partial consensus over the definition of terrorism. II. PROBLEMS IN DEFINING TERRORISM Who will define terrorism? A victim state or a society, a stronger state, any international or regional organization, or the Super Power? Terrorism is a relative term and expresses different meanings to different people. To Israel terrorism means when a suicide bomber blows himself up in a market place. To Palestinians, it means when Israeli troops bulldoze a house or shoot stone-throwing kids. India views Pakistan sponsored militancy in Kashmir as terrorism. On the other hand, overwhelming majority of the Kashmiris calls it freedom fighting and resorts to the use of brutal force by the Indian troops as state terrorism. Terrorism is sometimes properly or sometimes improperly used as a synonym of rebellion, insurrection, guerrilla warfare, coup detat, civil strife, or any of many other related terms that produces fear or terror. Most of the times, such lackadaisical and random use of the term may make the understanding of the specific meaning and nature of terrorism more murky and intricate. Although the literature on terrorism offers plenty of definitions, most of them give a very narrow vision of the concept of terrorism. While some view terrorism in political terms, others insist that it should be defined in legal terms. Still some believe that it is related with morality. Undoubtedly, academics works on terrorism have helped understand the problem, but their contributions have not even materialized to create a consensus among the political circles. The academics themselves are divided on the very particulars of the concept. Experts on terrorism, such as, E.V. Walter  [2]  , Grant Wardlaw  [3]  , Leonard Weinberg  [4]  , Steven Spiegel  [5]  , Thomas Mathieseu  [6]  and Richard Overy  [7]  have all defined terrorism in the political context. (See Box 1). For them, terrorism is mainly a sophisticated violence, politically exploited by a group or organization with a religious, ideological or ethnic appeal. Box 1: Definitions on terrorism Terrorism is a process of terror having three elements: the act or threat of violence, the emotional reaction to extreme fear on the part of the victims or potential victims, and the social effects that follow the violence (or its threat) and the consequent fear. (E.V. Walter: 1969) Political terrorism is a sustained policy involving the waging of organized terror either on the part of the state, a movement or faction, or by a small group of individuals. (Grant Wardlaw: 1982) Terrorism is a politically motivated crime intended to modify the behavior of a target audience. (Leonard Weinberg: 1989) Terrorism is the use of violence by an individual or group, designed to create extreme anxiety in a target group larger than the immediate victims, with the purpose of coercing that group into meeting certain political demands. (Steven Spiegel: 1995) Terrorism is violent and arbitrary action consciously directed towards civilians, with a political or ideological goal more or less clearly in mind. (Thomas Mathieseu: 2002) Terror is not an organization or a single force. It is related to a variety of political confrontations, each of which has to be understood in its own terms. (Richard Overy: 2004) However, political biases increase difficulties in defining the term because of its subjective nature. The subjectivism is captured in a popular saying that one mans terrorist is another mans freedom fighter, for whom terrorism is a calculated tactic of the weak against the strong and established authority. The problem is how can one get out of this relativist enmesh? Similarly, the US State Department in its annual document, called, Patterns of Global terrorism, defines terrorism as politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by sub-national groups or clandestine agents, usually intended to influence an audience.  [8]  The problem with this definition is that it does not clearly explain non-combatants, and the perpetrators, according to the definition, are non-state actors (sub-national groups and clandestine agents), while exclude the state terrorism. Moreover, the interpretation of political motivations is very broad. Some intellectuals have tried to define terrorism in legal terms and consider it a criminal act. J. Dugard notes that when a person commits an act which threatens the stability of other states or undermines the international order, he ceases to be a political offender and becomes a criminal under international law, like the pirate or hijacker.  [9]   But the problem with legal definitions is that they completely ignore the political aspects of violence. Treating a terrorist as a criminal undermines the legitimacy of political violence. In other words, the political notion in any terrorist activity cannot be discarded, which, again, becomes the major source of confrontation to reach an international consensus on the definition of the term terrorism. The moral connotations of terrorism have further divided the experts between right and wrong. Do all the nations take moral values uniformly or there are different patterns and orders of priority? Moreover, in this world of power politics, where states give priority to their national interests, what will be the extent of relationship between moral values and power? The common observation is that states are unwilling to give equal status to non-state actors which challenge their authority, and try to deal with them sternly by using brutal force. There are five major problems in defining the term terrorism and building a consensus. The first major problem faced by the academics and even the nations in defining terrorism is the relativist enmesh of the concept. For one it is a freedom fighting, while for the other it is terrorism. This aspect in defining the term has made the task more difficult. Second problem is related to the contents of the definition. If it is described as violence against the innocent people or non-combatants for achieving various goals, the application of the term, then, becomes too broad. It is very difficult even to define non-combatants. What if a soldier is not on the battlefield or he is performing peacekeeping duties under the aegis of the UN, attacked by a suicide bomber of a warring faction? Or would the terrorist attack on the U.S. Pentagon Building on September 11, 2001, not qualify as terrorist act? Moreover, the indiscriminate use of violence does not include those who employ terrorism against specific targets, such as, political assassinations. Third, when it is referred to spreading fear among the audience, one cannot distinguish between terrorism carries out by any individual, group or organization, and the state itself. This is also a major problem in defining terrorism that all the definitions portray non-state actors as terrorists, while completely ignore terrorism perpetrated by the state. Instead, it is called as the gross violation of human rights. It is also a fact that the incumbent political regimes have used terrorism as a means of repressing elements in their populations they view as a threat, real or imagined, to the continuation of their rule.  [10]   Amalendu Guha emphasizes that the recent use of power hegemonism by certain global nations, can be regarded as state terrorism, in the sense that its symptoms, behavior and actions as well as effects are, either the same, or, similar to the terrorism launched by fundamentalist beliefs or ideologies. Both are anti-human, anti-social and frightful.  [11]  The history is full of the tragic incidents, where state, instead of protecting its citizens, has unleashed reign of terror and has become responsible for their annihilation. The fact is that the state terrorism has killed more people as compared to terrorism by non-state actors. Fourth problem in defining the term is whether the act of terrorism is seen in terms of historical continuity or every incidence is considered as a unique in history and dealt with separately. Those who believe in the historical continuity, analyze this phenomenon since the French Revolution. They insist on the unity of terrorism throughout ages.  [12]  Others view each act a unique and absolutely different from the previous one.  [13]  So the rivalry is between the two extremes. Fifth problem in defining terrorism is: whether any act of violence should be analyzed by considering means or ends. As all ideologies sanctify the ends for which every mean is justified. The ideological indoctrination compels the terrorists to the righteousness of their cause and to justify any violent means to accomplish it. On the other hand, many researchers believe that the unethical means may also question the legitimacy of the cause. It is because of the above-mentioned problems in defining the term terrorism, that making distinction between terrorism and freedom fighting has become very difficult. However, there are some aspects which help differentiate between a terrorist and a freedom fighter. III. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TERRORISM AND FREEDOM FIGHTING It is a well-known fact that the subjectivity of the term terrorism has made it very difficult to distinguish it from freedom fighting. In this process, another difficulty is which forms of violence should be recognized as legitimate and which should not. Martha Crenshaw  [14]  opines that revolutionary violence and terrorism are two different phenomena and should not be confused with each other. The activities of freedom fighters cannot always be termed as terrorism, because their target is the repressive government. John Gearson raises some pertinent questions: What, if anything, is legitimate dissent using violent means? When is being a freedom fighter acceptable?  [15]  Labeling any group terrorist is very difficult particularly when the same group becomes the part of the negotiation process, and the governments have to sign peace deals with them. Nelson Mandela himself has provided perhaps the most satisfying answer to this perennial question. Pointing out that many people once described as terrorists are leading governments today, Mandela says: When you succeed people are prepared to accept you and have dealings with you as head of state. You become a terrorist if your aims and objectives fail.  [16]   In my opinion, the distinction between freedom fighting and terrorism must be made on the grounds of the legitimacy of the movement for independence, recognized by the UN. Article 1(2) of the UN Charter recognizes the right of self-determination of the peoples. It emphasizes the respect for the principle of equal rights and self-determination of the peoplesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ã‚  [17]   Article 7 of the Definition of Aggression adopted by the General Assembly in 1974 authenticates the right of self-determination. It states: Nothing in this definition, and in particular Article 3 (which gives an inventory of the acts that are regarded as aggression) could in any way prejudice the right of self-determination, freedom, and independence, as derived from the Charter, of peoples forcibly deprived of that right and referred to in the Declaration on Principles of International Law concerning Friendly Relations and Cooperation among States in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations, particularly peoples under colonial and racist regimes or other forms of alien domination; or the right of these peoples to struggle to that end and seek and receive supportà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.  [18]   Similarly, Article 12 of the International Convention Against the Taking of Hostages (1979), which came into force on June 3, 1983, clearly recognizes the means used by the people for their right of self-determination. It states: [The] Convention shall not apply to an act of hostage-taking committed in the course of armed conflicts as defined in the Geneva Conventions of 1949 and the Protocols thereto, including armed conflicts mentioned in article 1, paragraph 4, of Additional Protocol of 1977, in which peoples are fighting against colonial domination and alien occupation and against racist regimes in the exercise of their right of self-determination, as enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations and the Declaration on Principles of International Law concerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation among States in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations.  [19]   The liberation movements are deprecated as terrorists by the governments against which the struggles for independence are conducted. While analyzing the independent movements in Kashmir and Palestine, one may disagree over the means; it is beyond any doubt that both the movements are recognized by the UN. Terming these movements terrorist may also undermine and question the legitimacy of the UN itself. So, one can say, here, that the movements for freedom fighting are those movements whose legitimacy is recognized by the UN. Besides this, in both the cases, the role of state is very repressive and brutal. Both India and Israel have illegitimately occupied the land of the Kashmiris and the Palestinians respectively. Moreover, both states, since the inception of disputes, have been continuously denying the right of self-determination to these people. For this, they have also completely ignored the UN resolutions. So, if anyone calls struggle movements in Kashmir and Palestine as terrorists, it not only refutes the UN resolutions, which give right of self-determinations to the oppressed nations, but also legitimizes the power of the strong over the weak. According to Moulaye el-Hassen, the former Mauritanian Ambassador, The term terrorist could hardly be held to apply to persons who were denied the most elementary human rights, dignity, freedom and independence, and whose countries objected to foreign occupation.  [20]   Now the question arises why is there no consensus on the definition of terrorism? The most convincing reason is that the meaning and nature of terrorism have frequently been changed over a period of time. IV. CHANGING NATURE / MEANING OF TERRORISM The lack of consensus among the nations on the definition of terrorism has caused a continuous change in its nature and meaning. According to Jonathan White, the rise of modern terrorism in the West is linked to the struggle for freedom in the Western World in the 1700s and early 1800s when most Europeans did not enjoy freedom, and America was still only an experiment. A change in social perceptions and actions, however, revolutionized the system and structure of Western governments. Many forms of violence accompanied the struggle for democracy; terrorism was one of them.  [21]   The popular use of the term terrorism occurred during the French Revolution. Contrary to todays usage, terrorism at that time was seen in a positive context. The Jacobins reign of terror was purely a political in nature, which was a deviation from the old sacred terrorism. Also, that terrorism was unleashed by the State to protect the Revolution on the basis of Liberty, Equality and Fraternity. The terrorism during French revolution provided a model to the other revolutionary groups in Europe to use it as a strategy to transform their societies as they wished. But the failure of the 1830 and 1848 revolutions compelled the revolutionaries to change their strategy. However, the use of force to bring any revolution remained the main weapon at the hands of revolutionaries. The 19th century witnessed the rise of nationalist movements, which struggled against the colonial powers for the self-government. Although the nationalists adopted violent means to achieve their objectives, unlike anarchists, they considered themselves freedom fighters. Anarchists were socially isolated, but the nationalists could hope for the possibility of greater support. Governments labeled them terrorists, but nationalists saw themselves rather as unconventional soldiers fighting in a patriotic war. They opted only the tactics of anarchists.  [22]   During the inter-war period, a new form of terrorism emerged in Europe, known as Right-wing terrorism. The purpose of this terrorism was to preserve the status quo. There were two important factors, which contributed to the surfacing of Right-wing terrorism in Europe. First, the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia, which gave confidence to the socialist movements in other European countries to bring a possible change in their societies as well. So, such movements were considered a great threat by the respective governments and the elements which wanted to maintain status-quo. A second factor was the establishment of fascist governments in Italy and Germany during the same period. They justified violence by uprooting the communists and anti-nationalist elements in their societies. The dominant form of violence in the post-War period, aimed at either de-colonization or social revolution, was rural-based guerrilla warfare.  [23]  The major success stories were those of Mao-Tse-tung in China, Ho Chi Minh in Vietnam, and Fidel Castro in Cuba. But there were also less publicized failures. Guerrilla insurgencies were defeated in Greece, Malaya, and the Philippines. In some of these instances, both the successful and unsuccessful, terrorism was used by those groups pursuing national liberation (Vietnam) or social revolution (Greece).  [24]   During 1960s and 1970s, the world witnessed this sudden upsurge in the form of Left-wing terrorism. This confused the experts on political terrorism, who saw terrorism as a new and unprecedented phenomenon, something that was essentially a response to injustice.  [25]  This meant that the focus was on to address the root causes of terrorism, which could be political, economic, social or religious grievances. The end of Cold War was followed by an eruption of religious terrorism in a large number of countries, particularly in the Middle East, South and Central Asia. The Soviet disintegration provided an inspiration to the Islamic movements particularly in South and Central Asian regions to launch an organized offense against their respective states to: 1) seek freedom; 2) capture the state apparatus; and 3) replace the old communist system with the new Islamic order. The vacuum, which was created because of the Soviet disappearance, also provided a great amount of solidarity among the Muslims all over the world as it gave them a confidence that they were the main force behind the disintegration of the Soviet Union. Furthermore, the American neglect to Afghanistan after the Soviet withdrawal in 1989, added to the already existing political chaos. Out of this situation, the Taliban emerged as an organized political force with the support of Pakistan and to some extent Saudi Arabia. Afghanistan under the Taliban proved to be a place for socializing Islamic radicals from all over the world. The Saudi-born millionaire and Afghan war veteran, Osama Bin Laden, was one of them who took refuge in Afghanistan under the Taliban government. He had resentments against the Saudi Royal family for permitting the Americans to stay on the holy soil after the Gulf War in 1991. As his criticism against the Royal family got severe, he was compelled to flee Saudi Arabia. His nationality was cancelled. The stateless Osama then entered Sudan. But under the U.S. pressure, Sudan expelled him in 1996. Then he moved to Afghanistan, where the Taliban government was recently established. To run the state machinery, the new government badly needed financial assistance, which was provided by Osama and his organization, Al-Qaeda. Consequently, Osamas influence on the Taliban leadership increased. In a unique sense, Afghanistan became a terrorist-sponsored state. Taking advantage of his influence, Osama not only established links with other militant groups in Pakistan, Egypt and other Muslim countries, but also posed himself as a highly religious figure, who could issue a fatwa (Islamic ruling). In 1998, he issued a fatwa, stating, To kill Americans and their allies, both civil and military, is an individual duty of every Muslimà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦until their armies, shattered and broken-winged, depart from all the lands of Islam, incapable of threatening any Muslim.  [26]  Since then, a series of terrorist attacks can be observed on the U.S. civil and military installations. The September 11 catastrophe could be seen in this connection, though Al-Qaeda did not take the r esponsibility of it. The September 11 incident has further changed the meaning and nature of terrorism. The incident has characterized terrorism as transnational with religious orientation. The purpose of these groups is not only to overthrow their respective governments, but also to establish a worldwide authority on the basis of their own religious interpretation. Today, terrorism has become very lethal and destructive. Technological changes in the fields of transport, military and communication have added to the strength of terrorists. In such a scenario, it is indispensable to evolve a consensus, at least partial one, over the definition of terrorism. V. HOW TO REACH A CONSENSUS: SOME PRACTICAL APPROACHES The world has now entered a New Age of Terrorism.  [27]  Three important factors confirm this hypothesis. First, the terrorists are equipped with deadly weapons and sophisticated technology at their disposal. Second, the religious orientation has compelled them to believe the rightness of their cause. In other words, the ideology and cause of the terrorist group or organization attracts the potential terrorists to join it. Third, the transcendence of national boundaries has further complicated the issue. In the presence of such emerging threats, it is necessary to evolve a working definition with little disagreement. Although it is extremely difficult for the nation states to compromise over their national interests, still there must be some starting point because there is almost a consensus among the states that the modern transnational religious terrorism is the major threat to the world peace and stability. To begin with, it is the responsibility of the academics to provide some basic roadmap which can help the states reach a consensus on the definition of the term terrorism. First, the academics task is not to label any individual or a group as terrorist but to objectively analyze circumstances which compel the weaker to take arms against the stronger. In doing so, we consciously or unconsciously put all the freedom fighters into the category of terrorist, as well as we also question their legitimacy. This must be kept in mind that a freedom fighter can be distinguished from a terrorist on the basis of the legitimacy and mass support to the organization and the cause. If these factors are absent, then a person or a group can be termed as a terrorist. Second, states must stop defining the term on their own, because the problem starts when two rival states or parties define terrorism by themselves and believe in the authenticity of that definition. In contrast, they should discuss and debate this issue in the UN, particularly in the General Assembly, to reach a consensus. It must be noted that there is no universal definition of terrorism that can be applied to every act of political violence. Besides, every act of violence should be analyzed separately, while keeping in view the motivations of the perpetrator. It means that there must not be any generalization. While analyzing any violent act to be qualified as terrorism, following aspects need to be kept in mind: If the motives are abstract, meaning if any individual or a group aims to commit violence with the purpose of achieving goals on the basis of religious interpretation of its own. If the struggle is transnational in character, meaning affecting the political, social and economic life of the other country. If the struggle is not recognized by the UN. If the violence is not aimed at against the repressive government. If the target is innocent people who have nothing to do with the government policies. So, if any violent activity fulfills any one or all the five aspects, should be considered as terrorism. VI. CONCLUSION As discussed above, todays terrorism is distinct from the past terrorist activities and tactics. The emergence of transnational religious terrorism, coupled with the advancement in military, communication and transportation technologies, has enhanced the power of the terrorists and intensified their brutalities. Despite all such known threats and hazards, the world community is still far from reaching a consensus on the definition of terrorism. The disagreement between one mans terrorism, another mans freedom fighting is still there. A collective and mechanized effort on the part of the international community is needed to overcome this relativist entangle. A genuine understanding of the phenomenon can only be achieved if it is considered beyond the propaganda purposes, and concerted efforts are made to discuss and analyze this menace at international forums, with the consideration that terrorism is equally threatening the peace and stability of the whole world.